Abstract In this work, the electrochemical anodization process was carried out on titanium grade 2, using an electrolytic solution of 3 M and 0.15 M HCl with voltages of 11 V, 12 V and 15 V, as well as time variations in the experimental process and later an annealing process at 750 °C. According to the results obtained, the TiO2 coatings presented different morphologies on their surface, which consisted of nanopores, nanowires and clusters of oxide grains, as well as a combination of anatase and rutile crystalline phases. Band Gap variations were found to be non-significant despite changes in the morphology of the coatings at different anodization conditions, with an average value of 2.91 eV. It was observed that the anodized samples treated by the annealing process at 750 °C, thickness values up to 16 μm were obtained.

Abstract: The Area for the Protection of Flora and Fauna Medanos de Samalayuca (APFFMS) has an area of 631.82 km² is located between the municipalities of Juarez, Ahumada and Guadalupe D.B., in the state of Chihuahua, it has two mountain ranges and a complex system of silica sand dunes. The climate is of the BWKx '(e') type with an average annual rainfall of 212 mm. The vegetation is mainly dominated by Larrea tridentata and Prosopis glandulosa. Floristic studies in the state of Chihuahua reveal that the Fabaceae family is one of the most important in terms of diversity, abundance and economic importance. Therefore, the objective of this work is to update the list of Fabaceae of the APFF Management Program from the specimens collected from the PJ018 project. Five sampling zones were established in the dry, humid and post-humid season (2017-2018) in search of legumes. The results of this work substantially increase the previous Fabaceae inventory for the area within the APFFMS Management Program by registering 27 taxa. The present work increases floristic knowledge and potentially contributes to decision-making for its conservation and planning

Resumen: El Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Médanos de Samalayuca (APFFMS) con una superficie de 631.82 km² se localiza entre los municipios de Juárez, Ahumada y Guadalupe D.B., en el estado de Chihuahua, con cuenta con dos sistemas de sierras y un sistema complejo de dunas de arena de sílice. El clima es del tipo BWKx’ (e’) con una precipitación promedio anuales de 212 mm. La vegetación es dominada principalmente por Larrea tridentata y Prosopis glandulosa. Estudios florísticos en el estado de Chihuahua revelan que la familia Fabaceae es una de las más importantes en cuanto a diversidad, abundancia e importancia económica. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo es actualizar la lista de Fabaceae del Programa de Manejo del APFF a partir de los ejemplares colectados del proyecto PJ018. Se establecieron cinco zonas de muestreo en la temporada seca, húmeda y post-húmeda (2017-2018) en búsqueda de leguminosas. Los resultados de este trabajo incrementan substancialmente el inventario previo de Fabaceae para el área dentro del Programa de Manejo del APFFMS al registrarse 27 taxa. El presente trabajo aumenta el conocimiento florístico y contribuye potencialmete a la toma de decisiones para su conservación y planeación.

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020; one consequence has been the increase in sedentary lifestyle and reduction of sports activity. Exercise benefits the immune defense system especially in older adults; it is recommended to keep a distance of 1.5 meters between people, and if walking or jogging is carried out, the space must be up to 5 and 10 meters respectively. The reported cases are mostly mild up to 80% and can be critical in up to 4.7%; the risk factors are well known, hypertension, diabetes and previous heart disease. Severe or critical cases present as symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and in the case of cardiovascular disease, they mainly occur as myopericarditis, acute coronary syndromes, cardiogenic shock, thrombotic events, among others. Returning to exercise after recovery from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is always recommended, however it will depend on the clinical picture what measures should be taken prior to its onset, and it is in moderate cases and especially in the severe ones where the evaluation and prescription prior to returning to exercise or sport should be guided by medical personnel experts in cardiopulmonary rehabilitation, especially in athletes.

Resumen La enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) fue declarada pandemia el 11 de marzo de 2020; una consecuencia ha sido el incremento en el sedentarismo y la reducción de la actividad deportiva. El ejercicio beneficia el sistema inmunitario de defensa, especialmente en adultos mayores. Se recomienda guardar distancia de 1.5 metros entre personas, y si se realiza caminata o trote, el espacio debe ser de hasta 5 y 10 metros respectivamente. Los casos reportados son en su mayoría leves hasta en un 80%, y pueden ser críticos hasta en 4.7%; los factores de riesgo son bien conocidos: hipertensión, diabetes y enfermedad cardiaca previa. Los casos graves o críticos se presentan como cuadros de síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo y ante afección cardiovascular cursan principalmente como miopericarditis, síndromes coronarios agudos, choque cardiogénico y eventos trombóticos, entre otros. El ejercicio después de la recuperación de infección por coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) siempre está recomendado, sin embargo, dependerá del cuadro clínico qué medidas se deben tomar previo a su inicio, y es en casos moderados y especialmente en los graves donde la evaluación y prescripción previa al retorno al ejercicio o deporte debe ser guiada por personal médico experto en rehabilitación cardiopulmonar, en especial en deportistas.

Abstract The application of categorical principal component analysis is presented, with 22 qualitative variables measured in the study of ovine production systems in Ciego de Ávila province. The mathematical description of the method is stated using the loss function that is minimized by applying alternating least squares, which contemplate the transformation of any qualitative variable into variables of quantitative nature through optimal scaling. Cronback coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Crossover tables were determined to verify the association among variables using the contingency coefficient, which is based on χ2 and its significance. All the processes were carried out using the IBM-SPSS program, version 22. The application of the categorical principal components analysis allowed to identify categorical variables that explained the greatest variance in ovine production system in Ciego de Ávila province.

Se presenta la aplicación del análisis de componentes principales categórico, con 22 variables cualitativas medidas en el estudio de los sistemas de producción de ovinos en la provincia Ciego de Ávila. Se expone la descripción matemática del método utilizando la función de pérdida que se minimiza al aplicar los mínimos cuadrados alternantes, que contemplan la transformación de cualquier variable cualitativa en variables de naturaleza cuantitativa a través del escalamiento óptimo. Se utilizó el coeficiente de Cronback para medir la fiabilidad del cuestionario. Se determinaron las tablas cruzadas para comprobar la asociación entre las variables mediante el coeficiente de contingencia, que se basa en χ2 y su significación. Todos los procesamientos se realizaron mediante el IBM-SPSS, versión 22. La aplicación del análisis de componentes principales categórico permitió identificar las variables categóricas que mayor varianza explicaron en el sistema de producción de ovinos en la provincia Ciego de Ávila.

SUMMARY Lingual pathology appears in the dental office very frequently. There are a lot of different lingual pathologies, including geographic tongue. This inflammatory condition appears as an ulcer-like, multifocal, irregular region with its borders elevated. It is usually located on the dorsum of the tongue. It is usually asymptomatic and no treatment is needed in most cases. Its prevalence is between 1 and 2%, being more frequent in children, and less common in adults. This article presents one case on geographic tongue that took place in BAA «Castilla» during its deployment in ATALANTA Operation, between July and December 2018.

RESUMEN La patología lingual es un tipo de patología que se presenta de forma muy frecuente en la consulta dental. Existen muchos tipos de patologías linguales, entre las que se encuentran la lengua geográfica. Esta patología inflamatoria suele mostrarse como una zona parcheada, eritematosa, multifocal, irregular y de bordes ligeramente elevados, generalmente en el dorso de la lengua. Normalmente, es asintomática y no suele precisar de tratamiento. La prevalencia es de 1-2%, siendo más frecuente su aparición en niños, y relativamente extraño en adultos. En este artículo se presenta un caso clínico de lengua geográfica acontecido en el BAA «Castilla» durante su despliegue en la Operación ATALANTA de julio a diciembre de 2018.

ABSTRACT Introduction. This article summarizes the clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema of the Health Social Security of Peru (EsSalud). Objective. To provide clinical recommendations based on evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in EsSalud. Methods. A guidelines elaborating group (GEG) was conformed by medical specialists and methodologists. The GEG formulated 4 clinical questions intended to be answered by this CPG. For each of these questions systematic searches of systematic reviews and primary studies (when considered pertinent) were carried out in PubMed during 2018. Evidence was selected in order to reply each of the proposed clinical questions. The certainty of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. During periodic working meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, points of good clinical practice and the management flowchart. Results. The present CPG addressed 4 clinical questions of four topics: screening, diagnosis, treatment of choice and adjuvant treatment. Based on these questions, 6 recommendations (4 strong and 2 conditional), 19 points of good clinical practice, and 1 management flowchart were formulated. Conclusion. This article summarizes the methodology and conclusions based on evidence from the CPG for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in EsSalud.

RESUMEN Introducción. El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la retinopatía diabética y el edema macular diabético en el Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud). Objetivo. Proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la retinopatía diabética y el edema macular diabético en EsSalud. Métodos. Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 4 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Para cada una de estas preguntas se realizó búsquedas de revisiones sistemáticas y de estudios primarios (cuando se consideró pertinente) en PubMed durante el 2018. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones, los puntos de buena práctica clínica y el flujograma de manejo. Resultados. La presente GPC abordó 4 preguntas clínicas sobre el tamizaje, diagnóstico, tratamiento de elección y tratamiento adyuvante. En base a estas preguntas se formularon 6 recomendaciones (4 fuertes y 2 condicionales), 19 puntos de buena práctica clínica y 1 flujograma de manejo. Conclusión. El presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencias de la GPC para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la retinopatía diabética y el edema macular diabético en EsSalud.

Abstract Pt (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt%) was impregnated by incipient wetness on SBA-15 and corresponding Ga-modified (3, 5, 10 and 20 wt%) composites. Gallium nitrate was incorporated directly during the mesoporous siliceous network synthesis. Materials were characterized by N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. SBA-15 had surface area greater than 800 m²/g that decreased by Ga incorporation in binary materials. It seemed that tetrahedral gallium was well-incorporated into mesoporous silica walls. Pt dispersion slightly diminished (as to that on SBA-15) by augmenting Ga concentration in composites. Corresponding pore size maxima shifted to lower diameters (as to that of non-impregnated supports) after platinum loading suggesting Pt crystals inside pores of SBA-15 and Ga-modified carriers. Large cubic platinum crystals were observed over all prepared materials probably due to sintering (during calcining at 500 °C) of metallic particles weakly interacting with the carriers surface. After materials annealing (500 °C under static air) metallic platinum was evidenced (by XRD) pointing out to noble metal reduction that could be facilitated by decomposition of organic remains from Si alkoxide used during supports synthesis which presence was ascertained by FTIR.

Abstract: Introduction: The objective of this study was to retrospectively compare imaging techniques with histopathological findings from bone biopsy. Material and methods: Imaging techniques such as X-Ray, CT scan and MRI where compared with the histopathological findings from bone biopsy, in a population of 64 patients with bone tumors, with 64.1% of males and an age range of 5 to 79 years. Results: Histologically, 39.1% were malignant bone tumors, while 60.9% were benign. The X-ray showed 90% of diagnostic accuracy, with sensitivity of 92.9%, specificity of 87.5%, positive predictive value of 86.7% and negative predictive value of 93.3%. CT scan presented 75.9% of diagnostic accuracy, with 84.6, 68.8, and 84.6% of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, respectively. The MRI documented a diagnostic accuracy of 95.1%, with 94.4% os sensitivity, 95.7% of specificity, 94.4% of positive predictive value and 95.7% for negative predictive value. This showed a great agreement between the histology findings and those within the X-Ray and MRI (K = 0.8 and 0.9, respectively), but doesn’t depreciate the value of bone biopsy in diagnosis of bone tumors. Conclusion: This data showed good correlation between imagenological and histopatologic techniques.

Resumen: Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar retrospectivamente las técnicas de imagen con los hallazgos histopatológicos de la biopsia ósea. Material y métodos: Las técnicas de diagnóstico por imágenes como rayos X, tomografía computarizada y resonancia magnética fueron comparadas con los hallazgos histopatológicos de la biopsia ósea, en una población de 64 pacientes con tumores óseos, con 64.1% de los varones y un rango de edad de cinco a 79 años. Resultados: Histológicamente, 39.1% eran tumores óseos malignos, mientras que 60.9% eran benignos. Los rayos X mostraron un 90% de precisión diagnóstica, con una sensibilidad de 92.9%, especificidad de 87.5%, valor predictivo positivo de 86.7% y un valor predictivo negativo de 93.3%. La tomografía computarizada presentó 75.9% de la precisión diagnóstica, con 84.6, 68.8, y 84.6% de sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y valor predictivo negativo, respectivamente. La resonancia magnética documentó una precisión diagnóstica de 95.1%, con 94.4% de sensibilidad, 95.7% de especificidad, 94.4% de valor predictivo positivo y 95.7% para valor predictivo negativo. Esto mostró un gran acuerdo entre los hallazgos de histología y los que están dentro de la radiografía y la RMN (K=0.8 y 0.9, respectivamente), pero no deprecia el valor de la biopsia ósea en el diagnóstico de tumores óseos. Conclusiones: Estos datos mostraron una buena correlación entre técnicas imagenológicas e histopatológicas.

Abstract TiO2 nanotubes were prepared by the anodization process of a set of titanium foils in order to study the influence of time and voltage on the morphology of them under a 1.2 wt % NH4F salt concentration, taking advantage of this percent and remarking the great importance of the oxide growth-dissolution speed with this electrolyte concentration. The anodization process consists of an organic media of ethylene glycol, a voltage from 5 to 30 V for a time period from 1 to 6 hours, a constant potential of 30 V for a time lapse from 10 to 360 minutes and 5 to 480 seconds. All anodized samples are rinsed and annealed to 400 ° C for 3 hours to obtain an anatase crystalline structure. The morphological characterization was carried out by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) to verify the presence of the main nanostructures: nanopores, nanotubes, and nanograss. Raman spectroscopy was used for optical characterization in order to identify the changes in the signal of the E g (v6) vibrational mode. It was observed the Raman E g (v6) vibrational mode suffers a redshift at the initial anodization stage with the contribution of the stress between the substrate-oxide layer and the stoichiometry defects. The diameter and tube length have a strong correlation with the oxide thickness (ascendant slope), moreover, this oxide is compared and related to the Raman intensity of the E g (v6) mode, from this fact, it is easy to define some time periods and a voltage range for each titania nanostructures observed.

Abstract Many studies, focused in TiO2 anodized, uses frequently a NH4F salt concentration from 0.3- 0.5 wt% and the whole information about how voltage, time and even pH affects to nanotubes morphology, are effective just for these concentration range. It is known that increasing salt concentration, the electrolyte increases their conductivity and anodization speed (oxidation-dissolution) suffers also an increment and for a specifically concentration 1.2wt%, there is no data about morphology repercussions. A TiO2 nanotubular matrix is synthesized, in order to identify the range of time where it is possible to obtain with no presence of nanograss. The anodization process consists of an organic electrolyte of ethylene glycol, deionized water and 1.2 wt% NH4F salts, constant potential of 30 V, and a time lapse from 10 to 60 minutes (short time). All anodized samples are rinsed and annealed to 400oC for 4 hours to obtain an anatase crystalline structure; no samples are cleaned in ultrasonic bath to preserve the nanograss structure. Optical characterization was performed by Raman Spectroscopy to identify the increases in signal intensity, associated with thickness. The morphological characterization was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy to verify the presence and density of the nanograss and nanotubes.

ABSTRACT: We developed a mid infrared (MIR) solar telescope, centered at 10µm. Various optical layouts were analyzed based on computer simulations and a Ritchey-Chretien 6-inches telescope was selected with a plate scale of 2.5′′/mm using a pyroelectric 4 × 16 pixels detector. The angular resolution is 36′′/pixel with a field of view of 9.6′ × 2.4′. Two germanium filters are used, one at the aperture of the telescope and another near its focal plane. The detector was characterized with a laboratory black-body. The count values follow a linear relation with the black-body temperature. The control systems for both the telescope and the detector were developed. Proper mechanical supports were designed for the filters, detector and electronics. The system has been integrated and a user interface was developed. Preliminary observations have been made giving a signal-to-noise ratio of ≈ 1000.

RESUMEN: Desarrollamos un telescopio solar en el infrarrojo medio (MIR), centrado en 10µm. Estudiamos varios diseños ópticos, con base en simulaciones de computadora y seleccionamos un telescopio Ritchey-Chretien de 6 pulgadas con escala de placa de 2.5′′/mm, con un detector piroeléctrico de 4 × 16 pixeles. La resolución angular es de 36′′/pixel con un campo de visión de 9.6′ × 2.4′. Se usan dos filtros de germanio, uno en la apertura del telescopio y otro cerca del plano focal. El detector se caracterizó con un cuerpo negro de laboratorio. Los valores, en cuentas, siguen una relación lineal con la temperatura del cuerpo negro. Se hicieron los sistemas de control del telescopio y del detector. Se diseñaron soportes mecánicos para los filtros, el detector y la electrónica. El sistema se integró y se hizo una interfaz para el usuario. Las observaciones preliminares muestran que se obtiene una relación señal a ruido de ≈ 1000.

ABSTRACT The decision tree technique in the health sciences serves to understand the correlations between the descriptions of patients and to classify accurately in various categories. The aim of the study was to analyze the accuracy of the classification of excess weight of schoolchildren through the application of a fuzzy decision tree, using a database of Itaupú, Paraná (Brazil). We used the database of a sample consisting of 5962 students (3024 female and 2938 male), with an age range between 6 to 17 years of age. The variables considered were weight, height and the Body Mass Index (BMI). To classify the anthropometric data of the students, a diffuse decision tree was used. The learning results showed a correct classification in the female sex of 2688 and in the male sex of 2471 records respectively. In relation to accuracy, 84% was determined in the male sex and 89% in the female sex. The Area under the curve showed higher values in the Fuzzy method and in both sexes (0.965-0.983), while in the classical method, they were lower (0.804-0.895). According to the calculated results it is possible to apply the fuzzy decision tree for the classification of overweight students with an acceptable accuracy, and it is presented as an alternative technique that can save time when analyzing the nutritional status, however, no other statistical calculations were made that have to do with the precision and accuracy through conventional statistical methods and compare with the technique of fuzzy trees.

RESUMEN La técnica del árbol de decisiones en las ciencias de la salud sirve para comprender las correlaciones entre las descripciones de los pacientes y para clasificar de forma precisa en diversas categorías. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la exactitud de la clasificación del exceso de peso de escolares mediante la aplicación de un árbol de decisión difusa, utilizando una base de datos de Itaupú, Paraná (Brasil). Se utilizó la base de datos de una muestra conformada por 5962 estudiantes (3024 del sexo femenino y 2938 del sexo masculino), con un rango de edad entre los 6 a 17 años de edad. Las variables consideradas fueron peso, estatura y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC). Para clasificar los datos antropométricos de los escolares se utilizó un árbol de decisión difusa. Los resultados del aprendizaje mostraron una clasificación correcta en el sexo femenino de 2688 y en el sexo masculino de 2471 registros respectivamente. En relación a la exactitud, se determinó 84% en el sexo masculino y 89% en el sexo femenino. El Área Bajo la curva mostró valores más altos en el método Difuso y en ambos sexos (0.965-0.983), mientras que en el método clásico, fueron inferiores (0.804-0.895). De acuerdo a los resultados calculados es posible aplicar el árbol de decisión difusa para la clasificación de escolares con exceso de peso con una exactitud aceptable, además se presenta como una técnica alternativa que puede ahorrar tiempo a la hora de analizar el estado nutricional, sin embargo, no se realizó otros cálculos estadísticos que tengan que ver con la precisión y exactitud a través de métodos estadísticos convencionales y comparar con la técnica de árboles difusos.

SUMMARY Objective: Analyze and quantify odontological emergencies on board the Supply Combat Support Ship A-15 “Cantabria”, as flagship during EUNAVFOR MES Sophia peace keaping operation 2017, during the period from 21st August to 20th December, 2017 (122 days). Material and method: Transversal, descriptive, retrospective study of incidences and their treatments was carried out from 21st August to 20th December, 2017 on board the Supply Combat Support Ship A-15 “Cantabria” with 232 military. The categorical variables were expressed in absolute, relative and percentage frequencies, as well as the results are extrapolated with the index of 1000 soldiers / year. Results: Oral emergencies that were attended in the warship’s dental office occurred in 67 of the military personnel assigned or commissioned on board, 28.88% of the total sample (232). The pathology that showed the most incidences was gingivitis with 22.32% followed by primary caries with 16.96% of the total. Conclusions: Oral pathologies present a high incidence during the Spanish Navy deployments. Gingivitis and caries were the main causes of dental care. It is necessary that health personnel on board ships that do not have dentists are familiar with the most common oral emergencies. Oral health prevention plans must be carried out for the provisions of the naval vessels and identify risk population to direct the “oral health” policies.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar la asistencia odontológica prestada a bordo del Buque de Aprovisionamiento para el Combate (B.A.C.) A-15 “Cantabria” durante su despliegue como buque de mando de la Operación de Mantenimiento de la Paz (OMP) EUNAVFOR MED SOPHIA 2017, desde el 21 de agosto y el 20 de diciembre del mismo año (122 días). Material y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo retrospectivo de incidencias acumuladas y tratamientos de las patologías odontológicas ocurridas entre el 21 de agosto y el 20 de diciembre de 2017 a bordo del B.A.C. A-15 “Cantabria”. Las variables categóricas se expresaron en frecuencias absolutas, relativas y porcentuales, también se extrapolan los resultados de las causas de emergencias dentales con el índice de 1000 soldados/año. Resultados: Las emergencias bucodentales que se atendieron en el gabinete de odontología del buque ocurrieron en 67 de los militares destinados o comisionados a bordo, 28,88% de la población. La patología que mostró más incidencias fue la gingivitis con un 22,32% seguido de la caries primaria con un 16,96%. Conclusiones: Las patologías bucodentales presentan una alta incidencia durante los despliegues navales de la Armada. La gingivitis y la caries fueron las principales causas de asistencia odontológica. El personal de sanidad a bordo de buques que no dispongan de odontólogo deberían estar familiarizados con las emergencias bucodentales más comunes. Se deben realizar planes de prevención de la salud bucodental para las dotaciones de los buques e identificar a la población de riesgo a la que dirigir las estrategias preventivas y/o Planes de Prevención en Salud Oral.

Background There is no consensus on the optimal dosage use of posaconazole (PSC) for invasive fungal infection (IFI) in pediatric patients and normally it is adjusted with drug levels (DLs) ≥ 0.7 μg/ml and ≥ 1.25 μg/ml for prophylaxis and treatment, respectively. Objective To describe the experience of monitoring DLs of PSC in immunocompromised pediatric patients with IFI and to determine if the recommended doses reach CP effective in prophylaxis (≥ 0.7 μg/mL) and treatment (≥ 1.25 μg/mL). Method A retrospective analysis in children who received PSC from January 2012 to October 2016, in the Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant units at Hospital Calvo Mackenna was done Six patients with 78 DLs were reviewed (4 prophylaxis and 4 treatment). Median PSC dose was 12.5 and 18.8 mg/kg/d for prophylaxis and treatment, resulting in mean DLs of 0.97 and 1.8 μg/mL respectively. In prophylaxis 40/67 (60%) were recorded with DLs ≥ 0.70 μg/mL receiving a median dose of 12.5 mg/kg/d. While for treatment: 5/11 (46%) presented DLs ≥ 1.25 μg/mL, receiving a median dose of 18 mg/kg/d. Conclusion Our results are in line with the recommended for PSC dosage, but individualized monitoring is required to maintain adequate DLs.

Resumen Introducción En pediatría no existe consenso en la dosificación de posaconazol (PSC) para profilaxis y tratamiento de la infección fúngica invasora (IFI), usándose la medición de concentraciones plasmáticas (CPs) del fármaco. Objetivo Describir la experiencia de monitoreo de las CPs de PSC en niños inmunocomprometidos con IFI y determinar si las dosis recomendadas alcanzan CPs efectivas en profilaxis (≥ 0,7 µg/mL) y tratamiento (≥ 1,25 µg/mL). Método Análisis retrospectivo en niños que recibieron PSC suspensión como profilaxis o tratamiento entre enero de 2012 y octubre de 2016, en las unidades de Oncología y Trasplante de Médula Ósea del Hospital Calvo Mackenna. Resultados 78 CPs en seis pacientes (4 indicaciones de profilaxis y 4 tratamientos) fueron revisados. La mediana de dosis de PSC fue de 12,5 y 18,8 mg/kg/d para profilaxis y tratamiento, respectivamente, resultando CP mediana de 0,97 y 1,8 μg/mL, respectivamente. En profilaxis, se registraron 40/67 (60%) con CP ≥ 0,70 μg/mL recibiendo una mediana de dosis de 12,5 mg/kg/d. Mientras que para el tratamiento: 5/11 (46%), presentaron CP ≥ 1,25 μg/mL, recibiendo una mediana de dosis de 18 mg/kg/d. Conclusión Nuestros resultados se ajustan a lo recomendado para la dosificación de PSC, pero evidencian una necesidad de realizar una monitorización individualizada para mantener adecuadas CPs.

Resumen: Los cursos online, masivos y abiertos (MOOC) son una nueva herramienta educativa que, en los últimos cinco años, han captado la atención de las más importantes instituciones educativas a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, hasta el momento no existen estudios concluyentes sobre el rol de esta herramienta en la educación superior. En este trabajo, se hace una revisión de la literatura científica sobre los MOOC, con el objetivo de identificar las tendencias y lineamientos para su creación. Si bien este estudio se enfoca al campo particular de la ingeniería electrónica, muchos resultados son aplicables a otros campos de la ingeniería y otras ramas del saber. La revisión realizada permite identificar las áreas en las que hay mayor potencial de impacto y visibilidad con la creación de los MOOC, así como los retos y estrategias para el diseño de sus contenidos.

Abstract: Massive online open courses (MOOC) are new educational trends that, in the past five years, have drawn the attention of the most important institutions worldwide. However, there is not consensus in the literature about the role that this tool will play in higher education in the near future. This work carries out an extensive revision of the scientific literature on MOOCs with the aim of identifying the trends and guidelines for their development. Although this study is framed in the scope of electronics engineering, the results and findings are applicable to other fields of engineering and branches of knowledge. This review allows to identify the areas with higher potential of impact and visibility within the development of MOOCs, as well as the challenges and strategies for the design of their contents.

Resumo: Os cursos online, massivos e abertos (MOOC) são uma nova ferramenta educativa que, nos últimos cinco anos, tem captado a atenção das instituições educativas mais importantes do mundo. Porém até o momento não existem estudos efetivos sobre o papel desta ferramenta na educação superior. Neste trabalho, é feito uma revisão da literatura científica sobre os MOOC, com o objetivo de identificar as tendências e delineamentos para a sua criação. Apesar de que este estudo se enfoca no campo particular da engenharia eletrônica, muitos resultados são aplicáveis a outros campos da engenharia e outras áreas de conhecimento. A revisão realizada permite identificar as áreas com maior potencial de impacto e visibilidade com a criação dos MOOC, e também os desafios e estratégias para o desenho dos seus conteúdos.